The Implications of Attachment Theory for Different Forms...

The Implications of Attachment Theory for Different Forms of Childcare Developmental psychologists are interested in the study of the individual from conception to old age. One area of particular interest is the significance of parent-child bonding. Attachment can be defined as ‘an enduring bond of affection directed towards a specific individual’ (Santrock, 2001). The nature of the relationship between early attachment and later development is a central issue in developmental psychology and, given the increasing proportion of women with young children that go out to work, of specific interest is the quality of care-giving that infants receive. This paper will firstly describe the essential†¦show more content†¦Although Bowlby was initially influenced by the psychoanalytic tradition, in later years he also became heavily influenced by concepts from ethology and particularly that of imprinting (Lorenz, 1966), whereby the young of many species form early attachments to their parents. He argues that the tendency for the young t o cling to or be ‘imprinted on’ their mothers can be seen in many other animal species and that by keeping the young close to their mothers enables them to survive. In addition Bowlby (1951) felt that there was a critical period in the formation of attachments. He believed that between the age of six months and three years it was essential for children to receive continuous love from a primary caregiver and that prolonged separation between the child and their primary caregiver would not only cause distress but would have serious outcomes for the child. Evidence to support this view of Bowlby’s comes from observations of young children in hospitals. These studies showed that children, when separated from their mothers, exhibited a sequence of behaviour in which distress was initially accompanied by protest, followed by despair and eventually denial and emotional detachment from the mother (James and Joyce Robertson, 1967-73). This behaviour of denial and emotionalShow MoreRelatedAttachment Theory. Madeline Fuller. April 22, 2017. †¢Introduction.1775 Words   |  8 PagesAttachment Theory Madeline Fuller April 22, 2017 †¢ Introduction My initial interest in this theory stems from my meeting of a diverse group of people this last year. As my family’s business ventures into the world of construction, I have had the opportunity to meet many people who come from much different backgrounds than me. Many of these people have known criminal records and/or are registered sex offenders for one reason or another. The more I come to know them, the more I get to hear about theirRead MoreAn Evalution of the Attachment Theory Essay13038 Words   |  53 PagesTHE ATTACHMENT THEORY AN EVALUTION OF THE ATTACHMENT THEORY WHEN WORKING WITH CHILDREN IN CARE Gail Walters Dissertation Social Work BA (HONS) Manchester Metropolitan University Tutor: Pauline Black CONTENTS Pages Abstract Read MoreThemes Of Development : Prenatal6705 Words   |  27 Pages Week One: Themes in Development: Prenatal Physical: Physical development of the human begins at conception when the egg is fertilized by the sperm. Once the ovum is fertilized, the process of mitosis begins, allowing the cells to split and form the human being. Through this process, each parent contributes 23 chromosomes, which are present in every cell of our bodies, and are made up of DNA and genes (Broderick Blewitt, 2015). The genes that we inherit from our parents determine our physicalRead MoreChild Development 0-19 Yrs6074 Words   |  25 Pageschildren develop their social behaviour they are expected to conform to rules that society dictates. Such rules have been given structure through cultural, legal and religious influences. Theories of moral development differ immensely on how moral development occurs and what influences it. In his Phychodynamic theory, Freud (1935) explained that the quality of the relationship with their parents affects the child’s moral understanding whilst internal natural preferences influence the child’s desireRead MoreComputer Use in Early Childhood Education4243 Words   |  17 Pageseducation has reached the stage where it becomes critical that learning programs becomes a global issue. Understanding changes and undertaking practice is fundamental in student learning. The purpose of this article is to increase our perception on the different effects of using computer technology in early childhood setting. In answering the question What is the purpose of education? I started at that time from the observation that man lives in a world of objects which influence him and which heRead Morecorporate social responsibility motivations and country factors3504 Words   |  15 Pageswas to make profits and thrive economically (Friedman 1970), enterprises now have the option to do so and at the same time, contribute meaningfully to society at large. The reasons for a MNE to engage in CSR initiatives are multiple. Stakeholder theory (Donaldson and Preston 1995) can be used as a skeletal framework to understand where demands for CSR arise. Demand derives from two main groups: consumers and stakeholders. Stakeholders of a company include its investors, employees, suppliers andRead MoreFamily Support Resource Services (SSD), Lancaster Essay5657 Words   |  23 Pagesoriginal multi-agency referral the school sent the SSD, the Initial Assessment form, and the Social Worker’s referral to FSRS (Family Support Resource Services. Each referral apparently indicated problems within the family; including younger child Tommy’s challenging behaviour and the parents’ ill health, which was affecting the family’s life. The information indicated there could be attachment, behavioural or possibly medical issues. Chastisement by the father also causedRead MoreThe Impact of National Poverty Eradication Programme (Napep) on Economic Development of Nigeria13910 Words   |  56 PagesNigeria today. Especially, the incidence of poverty is very high among the unemployed, the uneducated women and rural dwellers (Gbosi 2004). In 1980, the poverty level was only 28.1% but by 1996 it had jumped to 66.6%. Having been mindful of the implications to the economy, the government needs to make concerted efforts in order to reduce poverty in the country. This is because a high incidence of poverty is not good for the health of a developing country like Nigeria. A review of the economic historyRead MoreLearning and Social Care Essay examples30870 Words   |  124 Pagesmaterials on the CACHE website will ensure that correct and up-to-date information is provided to learners. All photographs appearing in this handbook have a signed parental release form and are the exclusive proper ty of CACHE. They are protected under the copyright law and can not be reproduced, copied or manipulated in any form. This includes the use of any image or part of an image in individual or group projects and assessment materials. Qualification reference number: CACHE Level 3 Diploma for theRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages. Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work

American Literature A Discussion Free Essays

American Literature has come a long way. It dates back as far as the pre-colonization-period America which is contrary to the current belief of almost everyone that English has always been the language in America. Although it was noted that â€Å"some fifty years after the political establishment of the United States, the concept of an American literature barely existed† (Delbanco), American literature did exist and is still existing. We will write a custom essay sample on American Literature: A Discussion or any similar topic only for you Order Now Literature as a communication involving some degree of emotional or aesthetic response is both an independent discipline and one of the tools of anthropology. The latter is a description and explanation of social behavior in every possible environment-from the primitive to the sophisticated-in every part of the world. (Dennis and Aycock 41) In this regard, looking at how literature emerged and how it evolved, identifies the kind of society and the kind of people living in a certain era. II. Evolution Era The discovery and/or development of a certain type of literature did not just happen in a flash. American Literature, the different types of it, sprouted in a seasoned manner. This means that there would not be political writings, or none of them would be popular, if there were no political issues looming around the corner. It is quite amusing to know that American writing (in English) started not as a seriously intended literary piece but as a work â€Å"chiefly for the benefit of readers in the mother country. † (â€Å"American Literature†). These were the English travelers and explorers who became Americans during those olden times, circa 1583 to 1763. Following is the timeline of the American Literature (Trent): 1. English Travelers and Explorers, 1583-1763 – retaining their own language as they travelled to America and became Americans while chiefly influencing the literature with this language: the heritage of the English race; 2. The Historians, 1607-1783 – this was the period of gentlemen adventurers writing about America’s colonies; 3. The Puritan Divines, 1620-1720 – again, Englishmen who gave their intellects to a strict scheme of doctrinaire theology, and gave up their freedom to the letter of the Hebraic Scriptures; 4. Edwards – was a special time when he, Edwards, inscribed a sequence of reflections, foundation to a great metaphysical discourse of his own; 5. Philosophers and Divines, 1720-1789 -a traditional categorization of the human ability giving reason for the American thought in the eighteenth century, which is believed to have led to the overthrow of high Calvinism: those who went after the intelligence were the rationalists, or deists; those who went after receptivity or sensibility were the â€Å"hot† men, or enthusiasts while those who went after the will were the moral or ethical reformers. 6. Colonial Newspapers and Magazines, 1704-1775 – the knowledge of and about Europe had erupted so commonly through colonial newspapers; 7. American Political Writing, 1760-1789 — this was the period of â€Å"storm and stress†, of â€Å"revolution and evolution†, bringing forth a literature dominated by politically-themed content. Most of the topics involved â€Å"the nature of the British constitution, the formulation of colonial rights, and the elaboration of schemes of government and administration†; 8. The Beginnings of Verse, 1610-1808- the beginning covered early colonial verse starting in 1610 while in 1700 it began with transition in purpose, subject, and style and later on during, the beginnings of nationalism that is related to the passage of the Stamp Act in 1765 ending with the publication of Bryant’s Embargo in 1808. 9. Travellers and Observers, 1763-1846- this was the literature of travels, brand new, wide-ranging, and sophisticated, taking its magic from the sense of wonder; 10. The Early Drama, 1756-1860 –The American native drama, even though it antedated the novel and the short story, has arrived only during the latter half of the eighteenth century having Androborus in 1714, which was noted to be a satirical embarrassment. 11. Early Essayists-during this period the first essays that were in print in colonial newspapers were written with a cognizant ethical purpose. 12. The time of Washington Irving (April 3, 1783 – November 28, 1859)-a well-known American author, essayist, biographer and historian of the early 19th century who authored â€Å"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow† and â€Å"Rip Van Winkle†; 13. The time of Bryant – an American who has the gift of poetic genius, and writing verses that last; 14. Fiction/Novels-the moment for literary lies;† that they served no virtuous purpose; that they melted rigorous minds; that they crowded out better books; that they painted adventure too romantic and love too vehement, and so unfitted†¦Ã¢â‚¬  III. The Role of Printing Press Taking into consideration the lack of other means of publication those days, early American literature succeeded with the big help of the printing press. Some Americans even had an undying zeal for literary outputs that they were â€Å"stimulated by a desire to render Washington City as well the seat of literature as of government, a number of gentlemen have formed themselves into a ‘ Printing and Bookselling Company† (McMurtrie 266). It may appear funny but it is true. IV. Current Scenario Conclusion â€Å"Who in the four corners of the globe reads an American book? † (Edinburgh Review, cited Delbanco) Contrary to this insult, there are still the likes of Twain that many people all over the world know and many hunger for their literary pieces. Another noted American literary figure is Toni Morrison, a Nobel Prize awardee for literature. She is noted to be â€Å"a public intellectual, she’s influenced how we think about race and storytelling †¦ how we use language, what we do with language, how we keep language alive and well. â€Å"(â€Å"Toni Morrison Society Honors† 15). Thus, American Literature, no matter how it is being viewed, is sure to be existent, alive and persisting. Works Cited â€Å"American Literature. † The Columbia Encyclopedia. 6th ed. 2009. Questia. Web. 19 July 2010. Delbanco, Andrew. â€Å"American Literature: A Vanishing Subject?. † Daedalus 135. 2 (2006): 22+. Questia. Web. 19 July 2010. Dennis, Philip A. , and Wendell Aycock, eds. Literature and Anthropology. Lubbock, TX: Texas Tech University Press, 1989. Questia. Web. 19 July 2010. McMurtrie, Douglas C. A History of Printing in the United States: The Story of the Introduction of the Press and of Its History and Influence during the Pioneer Period in Each State of the Union. Vol. 2. New York: R. R. Bowker, 1936. Questia. Web. 19 July 2010. â€Å"Toni Morrison Society Honors Nobel Laureate with 70th Birthday Tribute. † Black Issues in Higher Education 29 Mar. 2001: 15. Questia. Web. 19 July 2010. Trent, William Peterfield, John Erskine, Stuart P. Sherman, and Carl Van Doren, eds. The Cambridge History of American Literature. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1917. Questia. Web. 19 July 2010. How to cite American Literature: A Discussion, Papers

Emi Group Case Analysis free essay sample

Company merges with Columbia Gramophone to form Electric and Musical Industries (MME 2007). MME started with operations in nineteen countries and has eventually grown to operations in over fifty countries. MME has the rights to over one musical composition. Of the five major music companies, MME has the least market share in the Unites States.This market share may now be in Jeopardy as Universal Records has decided to decrease the price of Its CDC In an effort to generate sales. MME must determine what they old gain or lose by dropping or not dropping their retail price for Cads and the price charged to retailers. Case Facts The recording industry is highly competitive with its profits based in its ability to attract and retain artist who sell hit records. Advertising, promotion and publicity for its artist are central elements in a music companys marketing program and they represent a sizeable amount of the companys costs. Universal has more market share because it has more hit artist and a larger music catalog than any other music recording company. Because of these facts, Universal is susceptible to the most losses. Universal made the decision to slash its CD prices in the US by up to 31. 5 percent In the US, not to Increase market share but to persuade consumers to start buying Cads again (universal, 2003). Since the advent of new technology allowing consumers to obtain music in non-traditional means, actual CD sales in the US had been on a decline since 2000 (Kerri, 2007).In fact, four of the major five record companies reported losses in the first half of 2003. Universal Is considered a heavy hitter US with a market share of 29. 4% while MME ranks In the bottom of the five major record labels with a mere 9. 8% of US market share. MME was the only company that did not report losses the beginning of 2003 due to major reorganization efforts. Existing Marketing Problems MIS major problem is lack of market share in the US. Upon first glance one would think that the major problem that MME is faced with in its US market is the possibility of a decrease in its CD sales caused by the decrease in CD price by Universal Music Group. It Is acknowledged that the decrease In price by Universal will affect MME but universals price cuts are not the only or main problem MME is faced with. MME faces several problems within the US and universal Music Groups price decrease is only en of them. The problem that MME is faced with is not that universal CD price slashing will decrease Its market share.The mall problem Is that MME does not have enough US market share to begin with. Even If MME decreases the sales price for their Cads to compete with universal Records, this wont necessarily increase their market 1 OFF Additional Information It should be mentioned that CD sales are not expected to increase any time soon. As someone who grew up during the development of file sharing, the majority of the suggestions given in th is analysis are based off observations and reactions, or lack hereof of the Universal announcement. Universals 2003 announcement was met with criticism and indifference from the group of consumers who were once the largest buyers of music, young people and they made there indifference know throughout the internet community. As Ashley Vance put it Two decades and four presidents is a long time to wait for a single price cut on what became a mass market DOD (Vance, 2003). Universal is decreasing the price on its CD for all artists but superstar artists Cads are being reduced by a smaller amount. Universal also incorporated a new retail sales plan called Jump Start.Retailers pay wholesale prices for Cads (this is the price that will be decreased) but receive additional compensation for advertising support and CD placement. Under the new plan retailers guaranteed 33 percent of display space in exchange for a deeper discount on CD prices. Whether or not retailers participated in Jumpstarted, Universal would end all additional compensation. Universal worked under the assumption that these strategies would not only increase the number of retail buyers but also move retailers to increase display space for Universal increasing Universals ability to market their artist.Smith, 2003). Possible Solutions MME must implement new measures to increase its market share. It can also decrease its CD prices to compete with Universal Records. MME has less market share because it has less hit recording artists and a smaller music catalog. MME has several options to increase its prominence in the record industry. One of these solutions is for MME to change its marketing mix. MME can consider changing its product mix by offering more music geared toward group of people who have steadily increased the percentage of music they buy for the past ten years; consumers over the age of 40 Kerri,2007).MME can also cut cost involved with artists by dropping artists that do not produce, supply the market with high quality artists and increasing productivity. This in turn will also increase its market share. And of course, MME can decrease the price of its Cads. New product development is another alternative. MME can also use the advances in technology to change the way it promotes its artists as well as its product placement within retail outlets as well as placement of those artists on the internet.Using these advances can also include developing products/music that are readily available for internet download to amps or possibly a form of music entertainment that is combined with DVDs to capitalize off the recent DVD sales surge. Inventing new technology that prevents internet downloading and/or copying music to blank Cads is also an option that MME can pursue. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction and such is the case for each of the solutions for MME. Changing MIS marketing mix may give MME the increase in market share that it needs, but the process of change is time consuming and can be costly.Money and Time are not two things readily at the disposal of MME and probably wont be for some time. By offering more music geared towards the consumer who actually purchases music, MME will place itself in a position to sell Cads to consumers who purchase Cads. However this also takes market research, time and heavy promotion of new artist. By dropping artist that do not produce and supplying the music industry with high quality artist, MME will be able to increase their market share. But as mentioned in the case, the music industry is extremely competitive and close-knit. Any meetings with possible new artist may cause other record labels to attempt to recruit that artist as well. Decreasing its CD prices is and option for MME ND may increase sales of their products. However as stated earlier sales of Cads is not the main problem MME has, lack of market share is. Using emerging forms of technology to increase awareness of themselves and their artist will also allow MME to increase its market share in channels that were unheard of.Also, since more and more consumers are buying music electronically, MME can also make more of its catalog available for internet purchase thru different download mediums such as tunes, Walter. Com, Rhapsody or several other websites. Utilizing these serviced offers download lovers the chance to purchase music legally and in he manner they prefer. Combining CD/DVD is another great alternative. DVDs sales are rising as the latest form of entertainment so MME would do best by piggybacking on these sales by offering CD as a part of the package with a DVD or offering a DVD with the sale of Cads.This would be a wonderful tool to sale soundtracks to hit movies. Best Solution(s) MME needs to use the latest digital technology to its benefit. First, MME needs to partner with websites specifically designed to download music and enter into partnerships that allow the on-line stores to offer their products. MME can also take advantage of these websites to increase its marketing efforts of those artists most attractive to the group of consumers who download the most music, 12-17 year olds and 18-24 year olds. Some artists for example, allow one to two songs off an upcoming album to be downloaded for free.These teaser songs give the public a free taste of what will be available and in some cases dissuade music lovers from pirating albums. If possible MME should offer more of its artist to movie production companies. This would give the artist more exposure and allow for the promotion and sale of combination DVD/CD package. General Ideas and Comments Regarding MME Case The music industry is and always will be competitive by nature and by having the smallest North American Market share any solutions MME develops can be duplicated with a lot more speed and money by recording giant Universal.Therefore, MME needs made any significant change to individuals wanting to obtain music illegally. Music Piracy has not decreased nor has the industries need to control what music is available to consumers and how its being made available. Yet the music labels should concentrate there efforts on producing quality artist, marketing them effectively and changes their business models to meet the new demands of consumers. Since then MME has launched several initiatives proving that it hears consumers and is responding.